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Omics Techniques and their Application to Genomic Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 21 January 2022

Course Details

Lead Trainer
Michal Szpak
Event Date
2022-01-21
Location
  Queen Mary University of London: Virtual
Description
A short introduction to Ensembl genes and variants as part of the MSc in Genomic Medicine.

Demos and exercises

Species and genome assemblies

Demo: Introduction to Ensembl

Ensembl

Homepage

The front page of Ensembl is found at ensembl.org. It contains lots of information and links to help you navigate Ensembl:

On the right-hand panel you can see the current release number and what has come out in this release. To access old releases, scroll to the bottom of the page and click on View in archive site in the right-hand corner.

Click on the links to go to the archives. Alternatively, you can jump quickly to the correct release by adding e plus the release number in the URL. For example e98.ensembl.org jumps to Ensembl release 98.  
 
 

Available species

Scroll back up to the top of the homepage. You can view all available species by clicking the View full list of all species link underneath the coloured search block.

You can search for your species of interest (either the common or scientific name) using the search bar at the top right-hand corner of the table. Click on the common name of your species of interest to go to the species information page. We’ll click on Human.

 
 
 

Species information

Here you can see links to example features and to download flatfiles. To find out more about the genome assembly and genebuild, click on More information and statistics under the Genome assembly section.

Here you’ll find a detailed description of how to the genome was produced and links to the original source. You will also see details of how the genes were annotated.

The current genome assembly for human is GRCh38. If you want to see the previous assembly, GRCh37, visit our dedicated site grch37.ensembl.org.

 
 
 

Ensembl Genomes

Homepage

Let’s take a look at the Ensembl Genomes homepage at ensemblgenomes.org.

Click on the different taxa to see their homepages. Each one has a different colour-coding, but they are all structured in a similar format to the Ensembl main site.

You can navigate most of the taxa in the same way as you would with Ensembl.  
 
 

Ensembl Bacteria

Ensembl Bacteria has a large number of genomes and has a slightly different method to the other Ensembl sites. Let’s look at it in more detail.

There’s no drop-down species list for bacteria as it would be hard to navigate with the number of species. You can click the View full list of all Ensembl Bacteria species link underneath the coloured search block. Search for your species of interest using the filter in the top right-hand corner of the table.

Alternatively, you can find a species by typing the species name into the Search for a genome search box at the top of the page. A drop-down list will appear with any species matching the name you entered.

For example, to find a sub-strain of Clostridioides difficile start typing in the species name. Due to the auto-complete, you’ll see useful results as soon as you get to Clostridio.

The drop down contains various strains of C. difficile. Let’s choose C. difficile 630. This will take us to another species information page, where we can explore various features.

Unlike the Homo sapiens species information page, there is no prose description of the genome or gene annotation, as these pages were generated automatically.  
 
 

Ensembl Rapid Release

Our newest genomes, such as those coming from the Darwin Tree of Life, are available rapid.ensembl.org with limited annotation.

Panda species

Go to Ensembl and find the following information:

  1. What is the name of the genome assembly for Panda?

  2. How long is the Panda genome (in bp)? How many coding genes have been annotated?

  1. Select Giant panda from the drop down species list, or click on View full list of all Ensembl species, then choose Giant panda from the list.
    The assembly is ASM200744v2 or GCA_002007445.2.

  2. Click on More information and statistics. Statistics are shown in the tables on the left.
    The length of the genome is 2,444,060,653 bp.
    There are 20,857 coding genes.

Available zebrafish assemblies

What previous assemblies are available for zebrafish?

Click on Zebrafish on the front page of Ensembl to go to the species homepage. Under Other assemblies three previous assembly names and the releases you can find them in are listed.
Assembly GRCz10 is available in the archived release 80, Zv9 in 77 and Zv8 in 54.

Solanum genus

Go to Ensembl Plants and answer the following questions:

  1. How many genomes of the genus Solanum are there in Ensembl Plants?

  2. When was the current Solanum lycopersicum genome assembly last revised?

  1. On the homepage, click on View full list of all Ensembl Plants species underneath the coloured search block. Type Solanum into the filter box in the top left-hand corner of the table.

    There are three Solanum genomes: Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and Solanum tuberosum RH89-039-16 and Solanum tuberosum (both potato).

  2. Click on S. lycopersicum, then on More information and statistics.

    The genome was revised in April 2018.

Mosquito species

  1. Go to Ensembl Metazoa. How many genomes relating to the genus Anopheles are there in Ensembl Metazoa?

  2. When was the current Anopheles gambiae genome assembly last revised?

  1. Go to metazoa.ensembl.org. Open the drop-down list or click on View full list of all Ensembl Metazoa species. In a latin binomial species name, the first word represents the genus. Type Anopheles into the filter box in the top left to find all genomes with this word in the binomial.

    There are 22 Anopheles genomes (some species are represented by more than one than one genome).

  2. Click on Anopheles gambiae, then on More information and statistics.

    The genome was revised in February 2006.

Finding a genome in Ensembl Bacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra str. ATCC25177 is a clinical strain.

Go to Ensembl Bacteria and find the species M. tuberculosis H37Ra str. ATCC25177. How many coding genes does it have?

In the Ensesmbl Bacteria homepage, start to type H37Ra into the Search for a genome search box (you can find this in the coloured block at the top of the homepage). It will auto-complete, allowing you to select M. tuberculosis H37Ra str. ATCC25177 from the drop-down list. Click on More information and statistics.

M. tuberculosis H37Ra str. ATCC25177 has 4,080 coding and 47 non-coding genes.

Exploring genomic regions

Start at the Ensembl front page, ensembl.org. You can search for a region by typing it into a search box, but you have to specify the species.

To bypass the text search, you need to input your region coordinates in the correct format, which is chromosome, colon, start coordinate, dash, end coordinate, with no spaces for example: human 4:122868000-122946000. Type (or copy and paste) these coordinates into either search box.

or

Press Enter or click Go to jump directly to the Region in detail Page.

Click on the button to view page-specific help. The help pages provide text, labelled images and, in some cases, help videos to describe what you can see on the page and how to interact with it.

The Region in detail page is made up of three images, let’s look at each one in detail.

The first image shows the chromosome:

The region we’re looking at is highlighted on the chromosome. You can jump to a different region by dragging out a box in this image. Drag out a box on the chromosome, a pop-up menu will appear.

If you wanted to move to the region, you could click on Jump to region (### bp). If you wanted to highlight it, click on Mark region (###bp). For now, we’ll close the pop-up by clicking on the X on the corner.

The second image shows a 1Mb region around our selected region. This is always 1Mb in human, but the fixed size of this view varies between species. This view allows you to scroll back and forth along the chromosome.

You can also drag out and jump to or mark a region.

Click on the X to close the pop-up menu.

Click on the Drag/Select button to change the action of your mouse click. Now you can scroll along the chromosome by clicking and dragging within the image. As you do this you’ll see the image below grey out and two blue buttons appear. Clicking on Update this image would jump the lower image to the region central to the scrollable image. We want to go back to where we started, so we’ll click on Reset scrollable image.

The third image is a detailed, configurable view of the region.

Here you can see various tracks, which is what we call a data type that you can plot against the genome. Some tracks, such as the transcripts, can be on the forward or reverse strand. Forward stranded features are shown above the blue contig track that runs across the middle of the image, with reverse stranded features below the contig. Other tracks, such as variants, regulatory features or conserved regions, refer to both strands of the genome, and these are shown by default at the very top or very bottom of the view.

You can use click and drag to either navigate around the region or highlight regions of interest, Click on the Drag/Select option at the top or bottom right to switch mouse action. On Drag, you can click and drag left or right to move along the genome, the page will reload when you drop the mouse button. On Select you can drag out a box to highlight or zoom in on a region of interest.

With the tool set to Select, drag out a box around an exon and choose Mark region.

The highlight will remain in place if you zoom in and out or move around the region. This allows you to keep track of regions or features of interest.

We can edit what we see on this page by clicking on the blue Configure this page menu at the left.

This will open a menu that allows you to change the image.

There are thousands of possible tracks that you can add. When you launch the view, you will see all the tracks that are currently turned on with their names on the left and an info icon on the right, which you can click on to expand the description of the track. Turn them on or off, or change the track style by clicking on the box next to the name. More details about the different track styles are in this FAQ: http://www.ensembl.org/Help/Faq?id=335.

You can find more tracks to add by either exploring the categories on the left, or using the Find a track option at the top left. Type in a word or phrase to find tracks with it in the track name or description.

Let’s add some tracks to this image. Add:

  • Proteins (mammal) from UniProt – Labels
  • 1000 Genomes - All - short variants (SNPs and indels) – Normal

Now click on the tick in the top left hand to save and close the menu. Alternatively, click anywhere outside of the menu. We can now see the tracks in the image. The proteins track is stranded, so you will see two tracks, one above and one below the contig, representing the proteins mapped to the forward and reverse strands respectively. The variants track is not stranded, so is found near the bottom of the image.

If the track is not giving you can information you need, you can easily change the way the tracks appear by hovering over the track name then the cog wheel to open a menu. To make it easier to compare information between tracks, such as spotting overlaps, you can move tracks around by clicking and dragging on the bar to the left of the track name.

Now that you’ve got the view how you want it, you might like to show something you’ve found to a colleague or collaborator. Click on the Share this page button to generate a link. Email the link to someone else, so that they can see the same view as you, including all the tracks you’ve added. These links contain the Ensembl release number, so if a new release or even assembly comes out, your link will just take you to the archive site for the release it was made on.

To return this to the default view, go to Configure this page and select Reset configuration at the bottom of the menu.

Exploring a genomic region in human

Go to Ensembl.

  1. Go to the region from 32,264,000 to 32,492,000 bp on human chromosome 13. On which cytogenetic band is this region located? How many contigs make up this portion of the assembly (contigs are contiguous stretches of DNA sequence that have been assembled solely based on direct sequencing information)?

  2. Zoom in on the BRCA2 gene.

  3. Configure this page to turn on the LTR (repeat) track in this view. What tool was used to annotate the LTRs according to the track information? How many LTRs can you see within the BRCA2 gene? Do any overlap exons?

  4. Create a Share link for this display. Email it to your neighbour. Open the link they sent you and compare. If there are differences, can you work out why?

  5. Export the genomic sequence of the region you are looking at in FASTA format.

  6. Turn off all tracks you added to the Region in detail page.

  1. Go to the Ensembl homepage, select Human from the Species drop-down list and type 13:32264000-32492000 in the text box (alternatively leave the Search drop-down list as it is and type 13:32264000-324920000 in the text box). Click Go.

    This genomic region is located on cytogenetic band q13.1. It is made up of three contigs, indicated by the alternating light and dark blue coloured bars in the Contigs track.

  2. Draw with your mouse a box encompassing the BRCA2 transcripts. Click on Jump to region in the pop-up menu.

  3. Click Configure this page in the side menu (or on the cog wheel icon in the top left hand side of the bottom image). Go into Repeats in the left-hand menu then select LTR. Click on the (i) button to find out more information.

    Repeat Masker was used to annotate LTRs onto the genome.
    Save and close the new configuration by clicking on ✓ (or anywhere outside the pop-up window). There are seven LTRs overlapping BRCA2, none of them overlap exons.

  4. Click Share this page in the side menu. Copy the URL. Get your neighbour’s email address and compose an email to them, paste the link in and send the message. When you receive the link from them, open the email and click on your link. You should be able to view the page with the new configuration and data tracks they have added to in the Location tab. You might see differences where they specified a slightly different region to you, or where they have added different tracks.

    Here is the Share link from the video answer: https://may2021.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Share/71a173bba78f0dbe03e48d3240424943?redirect=no;mobileredirect=no

  5. Click Export data in the side menu. Leave the default parameters as they are (FASTA sequence should already be selected). Click Next>. Click on Text. Note that the sequence has a header that provides information about the genome assembly (GRCh38), the chromosome, the start and end coordinates and the strand. For example:
    >13_dna:chromosome_chromosome:GRCh38:13:32311910:32405865:1

  6. Click Configure this page in the side menu. Click Reset configuration. Click ✓.

Exploring a genomic region in mouse

Go to the Ensembl homepage.

  1. Go to the region from 150,320,000 to 150,540,000 bp on mouse chromosome 5. How many contigs make up this portion of the assembly (contigs are contiguous stretches of DNA sequence that have been assembled solely based on direct sequencing information)?

  2. Zoom in on the Brca2 gene.

  3. Configure this page to turn on the LTR (repeat) track in this view. What tool was used to annotate the LTRs according to the track information? How many LTRs can you see within the Brca2 gene? Do any overlap exons?

  4. Create a Share link for this display. Email it to your neighbour. Open the link they sent you and compare. If there are differences, can you work out why?

  5. Export the genomic sequence of the region you are looking at in FASTA format.

  6. Turn off all tracks you added to the Region in detail page.

  1. Select Mouse from the Species search list and type 5:150320000-150540000 in the text box (or alternatively leave the Search drop-down list like it is and type mouse 5:150320000-150540000 in the text box). Click Go.

    It is made up of five contigs, indicated by the alternating light and dark blue coloured bars in the Contigs track. Note the tiny contig, AEKQ02165236.1, which splits AC084217.7 in two.

  2. Draw with your mouse a box encompassing the Brca2 transcripts. Click on Jump to region in the pop-up menu.

  3. Click Configure this page in the side menu (or on the cog wheel icon in the top left hand side of the bottom image). Go to Repeats in the left-hand menu then select LTRs (Repeats (Mouse)). Click on the (i) button to find out more information.

    Repeat Masker was used to annotate LTRs onto the genome.

    Save and close the new configuration by clicking on ✓ (or anywhere outside the pop-up window).

    There are seven LTRs overlapping Brca2, none of them overlap exons.

  4. Click Share this page in the side menu. Select the link and copy. Get your neighbour’s email address and compose an email to them, paste the link in and send the message. When you receive the link from them, open the email and click on your link. You should be able to view the page with the new configuration and data tracks they have added to in the Location tab. You might see differences where they specified a slightly different region to you, or where they have added different tracks.

  5. Click Export data in the side menu. Leave the default parameters as they are. Click Next>. Click on Text.

  6. Click Configure this page in the side menu. Click Reset configuration. Click ✓.

Exploring a genomic region in Oryza sativa Japonica (rice)

Go to the Ensembl Plants homepage and do the following:

  1. Go to the region 1:405000-453000 in Oryza sativa Japonica.

  2. Turn on the AGILENT:G2519F-015241 microarray track. Are there any oligo probes that map to this region?

  3. Highlight the region around any reverse strand probes you can see. Do they map to any transcripts?

  1. Go to the Ensembl Plants homepage. Select Oryza sativa Japonica from the Species drop-down list and type 1:405000-453000. Click Go.

  2. Click on Configure this page to open the menu. You can find the AGILENT:G2519F-015241 track under Oligo probes in the left-hand menu, or by using the Find a track box at the top right. Turn on the track then save and close the menu. As the AGILENT:G2519F-015241 track is stranded, it appears at the top and bottom of the view.

    There are 5 probes mapped to this region on the positive strand and one probe on the reverse strand.

  3. Drag a box around the reverse strand probe then click on Mark region to highlight.

    The highlighted region maps to two transcripts: Os01t0107900-02 and Os01t0107900-01

Exploring a region in Coprinopsis cinerea okayama

Go to Ensembl Fungi. Let’s try to find some information about the region from 1,400,000 to 1,425,000 in chromosome 7 in Coprinopsis cinerea okayama:

  1. How many complete genes are found in this region? How many on the forward and how many on the reverse strand?

  2. Zoom in on the largest gene EFI27358. How many exons does this gene have?

  3. Export the genomic sequence in FASTA format for this region.

  1. In the Ensembl Fungi homepage, select Coprinopsis cinerea okayama from the Species search drop-down. Enter 7:1400000-1425000 in the Search bar and click Go. This will send you to the Location tab. Your region of interest is indicated by a red rectangle in the 50kb view. Look at the Genes track: each block represents a different gene. Count the number of complete genes within the rectangle.

    There are 7 complete genes in the region.

  2. Look at the Region in detail view (the most detailed view at the bottom of the page). You can zoom into a region by clicking and dragging your mouse (you can change your mouse action in the top right-hand corner of the view under **Drag/Select) and selecting Jump to region in the pop-up menu. Count the number of blocks you can see for EFI27358.

    The EFI27358 gene has 23 exons.

    Click on the transcript ID CZT99117 in the transcript table.

    It has 4 exons.

  3. We want to export the genomic sequence for our original region (not just the EFI27358 gene). You can reset the view by entering 7:1400000-1425000 in the Location bar above the Region in detail view or hitting the Back button on your internet browser. Click on Export data in the left-hand panel. In the pop-up menu, select FASTA from the drop-down and click Next >. You can export the sequence as is (text) or as a compressed file (.gz).

    If you choose to download the sequence as text, your browser might open the FASTA file in a new tab. In this case, just right-click on any white space and select Save As… from the menu.

Exploring a genomic region in Salmonella enterica

Go to Ensembl Bacteria and do the following:

  1. Search for the Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. Ty2 (GCA_000007545) (Hint: type Ty into the Search for a genome box).

  2. Go to the region Chromosome:2000605-2009742.

  3. How many genes are annotated in this region? How many are on the forward strand? How many are on the reverse strand?

  1. Go to the Ensembl Bacteria homepage. Type Ty2 into the Search for a genome box. Click on the auto-completed genome name to navigate to the species information page.

  2. Type Chromosome:2000605-2009742 into the search box. Click Go.

  3. There are 8 genes annotated in this region, all on the reverse strand.

Genes and transcripts

You can find out lots of information about Ensembl genes and transcripts using the browser. If you’re already looking at a region view, you can click on any transcript and a pop-up menu will appear, allowing you to jump directly to that gene or transcript.

Alternatively, you can find a gene by searching for it. You can search for gene names or identifiers, and also phenotypes or functions that might be associated with the genes.

We’re going to look at the human UQCRQ gene. From ensembl.org, type UQCRQ into the search bar and click the Go button. You will get a list of hits with the human gene at the top.

Where you search for something without specifying the species, or where the ID is not restricted to a single species, the most popular species will appear first, in this case, human, mouse and zebrafish appear first. You can restrict your query to species or features of interest using the options on the left.

The gene tab

Click on the gene name or Ensembl ID. The Gene tab should open:

This page summarises the gene, including its location, name and equivalents in other databases. At the bottom of the page, a graphic shows a region view with the transcripts. We can see exons shown as blocks with introns as lines linking them together. Coding exons are filled, whereas non-coding exons are empty. We can also see the overlapping and neighbouring genes and other genomic features.

There are different tabs for different types of features, such as genes, transcripts or variants. These appear side-by-side across the blue bar, allowing you to jump back and forth between features of interest. Each tab has its own navigation column down the left hand side of the page, listing all the things you can see for this feature.

Let’s walk through this menu for the gene tab. How can we view the genomic sequence? Click Sequence at the left of the page.

The sequence is shown in FASTA format. The FASTA header contains the genome assembly, chromosome, coordinates and strand (1 or -1) – this gene is on the positive strand.

Exons are highlighted within the genomic sequence, both exons of our gene of interest and any neighbouring or overlapping gene. By default, 600 bases are shown up and downstream of the gene. We can make changes to how this sequence appears with the blue Configure this page button found at the left. This allows us to change the flanking regions, add variants, add line numbering and more. Click on it now.

Once you have selected changes (in this example, Show variants, 1000 Genomes variants and Line numbering) click at the top right.

You can download this sequence by clicking in the Download sequence button above the sequence:

This will open a dialogue box that allows you to pick between plain FASTA sequence, or sequence in RTF, which includes all the coloured annotations and can be opened in a word processor. If you want run a sequence analysis tool, download as FASTA sequence, whereas if you want to analyse the sequence visually, RTF is best for this. This button is available for all sequence views.

To find out what the protein does, have a look at GO terms from the Gene Ontology consortium. There are three pages of GO terms, representing the three divisions in GO: Biological process (what the protein does), Cellular component (where the protein is) and Molecular function (how it does it). Click on GO: Biological process to see an example of the GO pages.

Here you can see the functions that have been associated with the gene. There are three-letter codes that indicate how the association was made, as well as links to the specific transcript they are linked to.

We also have links out to other databases which have information about our genes and may focus on other topics that we don’t cover, like Gene Expression Atlas or OMIM. Go up the left-hand menu to External references:

Demo: The transcript tab

We’re now going to explore the different transcripts of UQCRQ. Click on Show transcript table at the top.

Here we can see a list of all the transcripts of UQCRQ with their identifiers, lengths, biotypes and flags to help you decide which ones to look at.

If we were to only choose one transcript to analyse, we would choose UQCRQ-203 because it is the MANE Select and Ensembl Canonical. This means it is both 100% identical to the RefSeq transcript NM_014402.5 and both Ensembl and NCBI agree that it is the most biologically important transcript.

Click on the ID, ENST00000378670.8.

You are now in the Transcript tab for UQCRQ-203. We can still see the gene tab so we can easily jump back. The left hand navigation column provides several options for the transcript UQCRQ-203 - many of these are similar to the options you see in the gene tab, but not all of them. If you can’t find the thing you’re looking for, often the solution is to switch tabs.

Click on the Exons link. This page is useful for designing RT-PCR primers because you can see the sequences of the different exons and their lengths.

You may want to change the display (for example, to show more flanking sequence, or to show full introns). In order to do so click on Configure this page and change the display options accordingly.

Now click on the cDNA link to see the spliced transcript sequence with the amino acid sequence. This page is useful for mapping between the RNA and protein sequences, particularly genetic variants.

UnTranslated Regions (UTRs) are highlighted in dark yellow, codons are highlighted in light yellow, and exon sequence is shown in black or blue letters to show exon divides. Sequence variants are represented by highlighted nucleotides and clickable IUPAC codes are above the sequence.

Next, follow the General identifiers link at the left. Just like the External References page in the gene tab, this page shows links out to other databases such as RefSeq, UniProtKB, PDBe and others, this time linked to the transcript or protein product, rather than the gene.

If you’re interested in protein domains, you could click on Protein summary to view domains from Pfam, PROSITE, Superfamily, InterPro, and more. These are all plotted against the transcript sequence, with the exons shown in alternating shades of purple at the top of the page. Alternatively, you can go to Domains & features to see a table of the same information.

You can also see the structure of the protein from the PDB by clicking on PDB 3D Protein model.

This uses LiteMol to show a 3D protein. You can use all the normal controls that you would use with LiteMol, plus plot Ensembl features like Exons and variants onto the structure using the options on the right. We allow you to see the top ten PDB models for this protein, based on coverage and quality scores, you can choose which at the top of the viewer.

Exploring the MYH9 gene in human

  1. In Ensembl, find the human MYH9 (myosin, heavy chain 9, non-muscle) gene and open the Gene tab.
    • On which chromosome and which strand of the genome is this gene located?
    • How many transcripts (splice variants) are there and how many are protein coding?
    • What is the longest protein-coding transcript, and how long is the protein it encodes?
    • Which transcript would you take forward for further study?
  2. Click on Phenotypes at the left side of the page. Are there any diseases associated with this gene, according to Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM)?

  3. What are some functions of MYH9 according to the Gene Ontology (GO) consortium? Have a look at the GO: Biological process pages for this gene.

  4. In the transcript table, click on the transcript ID for MYH9-201, and go to the Transcript tab.
    • How many exons does it have?
    • Are any of the exons completely or partially untranslated?
    • Is there an associated sequence in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot? Have a look at the General identifiers for this transcript.
  5. Are there microarray (oligo) probes that can be used to monitor ENST00000216181 expression?
  1. Select Human from the Species drop-down list and type MYH9. Click Go. Click on MYH9 (Human Gene) in the search results which will send you to the Gene tab.
    • The gene is located on chromosome 22 on the reverse strand.
    • Ensembl has 23 transcripts annotated for this gene, of which 6 are protein-coding.
    • The longest protein-coding transcript is MYH9-215 and it codes for a protein that is 1,981 amino acids long.
    • MYH9-201 is the transcript I would take forward for further study, as it is the MANE Select transcript (for a description, mouse-over the MANE Select flag in the transcript table).
  2. Click on Phenotypes in the left-hand panel to see the associated phenotypes. There is a large table of phenotypes. To see only the ones from MIM, type MIM into the filter box at the top right-hand corner of the table.

    These are some of the phenotypes associated with MYH9 according to MIM: Deafness, Autosomal dominant 17 and Macrothrombocytopenia and granulocyte inclusions with or without nephritis or sensorineural hearing loss. You can click on the records for more information.

  3. The Gene Ontology project maps terms to a protein in three classes: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Click on GO: Biological process on the left-hand panel. Angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and protein transport are some of the roles associated with MYH9. All GO terms are associated with a single transcript: ENST00000216181.

  4. Click on ENST00000216181.11 in the transcript table. You should now be on the Transcript tab.
    • It has 41 exons, shown in the Transcript summary.

    Click on the Exons link in the left-hand panel.

    • Exon 1 is completely untranslated, and exons 2 and 41 are partially untranslated (UTR sequence is shown in orange). You can also see this in the cDNA view if you click on the cDNA link in the left side menu.

    Click on General identifiers in the left-hand panel.

    • P35579.247 from UniProt/Swiss-Prot matches the translation of the Ensembl transcript. Click on P35579.247 to go to UniProtKB, or click align for the alignment.
  5. Click on Oligo probes in the left-hand panel.

    Probesets from Affymetrix, Agilent, Codelink, Illumina, and Phalanx OneArray match to this transcript sequence. Expression analysis with any of these probesets would reveal information about the transcript. Hint: this information can sometimes be found in the [ArrayExpress Atlas] (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/arrayexpress).

Finding a gene associated with a phenotype

Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder caused by an inability to metabolise phenylalanine in any body tissue. This results in an accumulation of phenylalanine causing seizures and intellectual disability.

(a) Search for phenylketonuria from the Ensembl homepage and narrow down your search to only genes. What gene is associated with this disorder?

(b) How many protein coding transcripts does this gene have? View all of these in the transcript comparison view.

(c) What is the MIM gene identifier for this gene?

(d) Go to the MANE Select transcript and look at its 3D structure. In the model 2pah, how many protein molecules can you see?

(a) Start at the Ensembl homepage (http://www.ensembl.org).

Type phenylketonuria into the search box then click Go. Choose Gene from the left hand menu.

The gene associated with this disorder is PAH, phenylalanine hydroxylase, ENSG00000171759.

(b) If the transcript table is hidden, click on Show transcript table to see it.

There are six protein coding transcripts.

Click on Transcript comparison in the left hand menu. Click on Select transcripts. Either select all the transcripts labelled protein coding one-by-one, or click on the drop down and select Protein coding. Close the menu.

(c) Click on External references.

The MIM gene ID is 612349.

(d) Open the transcript table and click on the ID for the MANE Select: ENST00000553106.6. Go to PDB 3D protein model in the left-hand menu.

The model 2pah is shown by default. It has two protein molecules in it. You may need to rotate the model to see this clearly.

Exploring the Dpp6 gene in mouse

Genetic variation in the dipeptidylpeptidase 6 Gene (DPP6) in humans has previously been strongly associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a lethal disorder caused by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the brain.

  1. Go to the Ensembl homepage, search for the Dpp6 gene in mouse and click on the transcript ID ENSMUST00000071500 to open the transcript tab. How many exons make up this transcript?

  2. Click on Exons to display the exon sequences of the transcript. Which exon contains the translation start? What is the exon ID of the largest exon? What is the start and end phase of exon 2?

  3. Go to the Protein summary. How many protein domains or features fall within the second exon? What is the Pfam protein domain at the C-terminus of the protein and how many exons does it fall into? Which amino acid positions does the domain above cover?

  4. Go to Domains and features. Which domains are associated with Pfam? How many genes in the mouse genome have the IPR002469 domain? What chromosomes are these genes found on?

  1. Select Mouse from the Species search drop-down and type Dpp6 and click Go. Click on Dpp6-201 (Mouse Transcript, Strain: reference (CL57BL6)) in the results.

    ENSMUST00000071500.13 consists of 26 exons.

  2. Click on Exons in the left-hand panel. The translation start is found in the first exon (ENSMUSE00000725552), shown in dark blue text.

    The largest exon is the final exon (856 bp), which has the exon ID ENSMUSE00000773588. Exon 2 has a start and end phase of 0 and 1 respectively, which means that the codon at the start of the exon starts at the first nucleotide and the codon at the end of the exon ends at nucleotide 2. Notice that the end phase of each exon is the same as the start phase of the next exon.

  3. Click on Protein summary in the menu on the left hand side of the page. Alternating exons are shown on the protein as different shades of purple.

    There are two predicted protein domains that fall within the second exon: a transmembrane helix and low complexity peptide sequence (Seg). You can click on the track names to find a description.

    Click on a domain or feature to view further information.

    The C-terminal Pfam domain is Peptidase_S9 (PF00326), which spans or partially spans seven exons, covering amino acid positions 582-787.

  4. Click on Domains & features.

    Looking at the domains table you should notice that there are two domains associated with Pfam: PF00326 and PF00930.

    Click on Display all genes with this domain next to IPR002469. This should now display the genes that have the IPR002469 domain located on the karyotype and as a table.

    6 genes have this domain and they are found on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 9 and 17.

Exploring the CCD7 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana

  1. Find the Arabidopsis thaliana CCD7 gene on Ensembl Plants. On which chromosome and which strand of the genome is this gene located?

  2. Where in the cell is the CCD7 protein located?

  3. What is the source of the assigned gene name?

  4. How many transcripts does it have? How long is its longest transcript (in bp)? How long is the protein it encodes? How many exons does it have? Are any of the exons completely or partially untranslated?

  1. Go to the Ensembl Plants homepage (http://plants.ensembl.org/). Select A. thaliana from the species list and type CCD7 in the search box. Click Go and click on the gene ID AT2G44990. You can find the strand orientation and the location under Summary in the Gene tab.

    The A. thaliana CCD7 gene is located on chromosome 2 on the forward strand.

  2. Click on GO: Cellular component in the left-hand panel.

    The protein is located in the chloroplast and plastid.

  3. Click on Summary in the side menu.

    The gene name is assigned and imported from NCBI gene (formerly Entrezgene).

  4. Click on Show transcript table.

    There are 3 transcripts. The longest one is 2005 bp and the length of the encoded protein is 622 amino acids.

    Click on the transcript ID AT2G44990.3 in the transcript table. You can find the number of exons in under in the summary information at the top of the page.

    It has 6 exons.

    Click on Sequence: Exons in the left-hand panel.

    The first and last exons are partially untranslated (sequence shown in orange). This can also been seen from the fact that in the transcript diagrams on the Gene Summary and Transcript Summary pages the boxes representing the first and last exon are partially unfilled.

Exploring a bacterial gene in Clostridium sporogenes

Start in Ensembl Bacteria and select the Clostridium sporogenes (GCA_001444695) genome.

  1. What GO: biological process terms are associated with the PolC gene?

  2. Go to the transcript tab for the only transcript, OQP95999. How long is the transcript?

  3. What domains can be found in the protein product of this transcript? How many different domain prediction methods agree with each of these domains?

  1. From the Ensembl Bacteria homepage, select Clostridium sporogenes by beginning to write the species name and selecting the species from the auto-complete list. Type PolC and click on the gene ID VT92_0235670. Click on GO: biological process in the left-hand panel.

    There are two terms listed: GO:0006260, DNA replication and GO:0006261, DNA-templated DNA replication.

  2. Click on the transcript named OQP95999 or on the Transcript tab.

    OQP95999 is 4299 bp in length.

  3. Click on either Protein Summary or Domains & features in the left hand menu to see graphically or as a table respectively.

Exploring a gene in Escherichia coli

Start in Ensembl Bacteria and search for the Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 (GCA_000005845) genome.

  1. What GO: biological process terms are associated with the Era gene?

  2. How many different InterPro domains are found in the protein product of this gene?

  3. What is the associated UniProt ID of the transcript?

Enter part of the name into the genome search box (e.g. MG1655) and then select the correct genome to go to the species information page.

  1. Enter Era into the search box and hit Go. Click the link in the first hit to go to the era gene page. From here, click GO: Biological process in the left-hand menu.

    There are three GO IDs: GO:0000028, GO:0006468, GO:0042274 and GO:0046777.

  2. Click on the transcript ID AAC75619 in the transcript table on the Gene tab. In the Transcript tab, go to Domains & features in the left-hand panel. Count the number of unique InterPro IDs in the table.

    11 different InterPro domains are found in the protein product of Era.

  3. You can find the UniProt ID in the transcript table or under General identifiers in the left-hand panel.

    The UniProt ID is P60785.

Exploring a gene in Magnaporthe oryzae

We’re going to look at the gene ATG8 in Magnaporthe oryzae in Ensembl Fungi. This gene is involved in autophagy, and targeted silencing of this gene inhibits infection (you can find further info in Wilson and Talbot, Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 7, pages 185–195 (2009)).

  1. Find the genomic sequence of the M. oryzae ATG8 gene. How many exons does the gene have?

  2. What is the GO accession ID for this gene?

  3. How many transcripts does the gene have? Download the cDNA sequence in FASTA format to your computer.

  4. Are there any entries of the gene in external databases? If so, which ones?

  1. From the Ensembl Fungi homepage, type ATG8 into the Search for a gene search bar, click the drop-down menu and select Magnaporthe oryzae and click the Go button. Click on the gene ID **M_BR32EuGene_00029551, which will open the **Gene tab. Go to Sequence in the left-hand panel. _ATG8 exons are in red font.

    The ATG8 gene has 3 exons.

  2. Go to Ontologies: GO: Biological process in the left-hand panel.

    The accession ID is GO:0006914.

  3. Click on Show transcript table underneath the gene summary information at the top of the page.

    The gene has 1 transcript.

    Click on Sequence: cDNA in the left-hand panel. You can export the sequence by clicking the Download sequence button, which will open a pop-up menu. Select FASTA from the drop-down list and select cDNA only. You can download the sequence as is or, if you have a large sequence, you can download the compressed file.

  4. Click on External References: General identifies in the left-hand panel. You will find hyperlinks to entries in external databases under the Database identifier column.

    Yes, there are entries in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), INSDC, UniParc and UniProtKB.

Exploring a gene in Plasmodium falciparum

  1. Find the Plasmodium falciparum PF3D7_1145400 gene on Ensembl Protists. On which strand is this gene located? What are the coordinates of the gene?

  2. How long is its transcript (in bp)? How long is the protein it encodes? How many exons does it have?

  3. What is the Uniprot ID that maps to the translation of this transcript?

  4. What are the GO:Biological process(es) associated with PF3D7_1145400?

  1. Go to the Ensembl Protists homepage. Select Plasmodium falciparum from the species list and type PF3D7_1145400 in the search box. Click Go. Click on PF3D7_1145400 in the search results. You can find the strand orientation and coordinates in the gene Summary page.

    PF3D7_1145400 is located on the reverse strand of chromosome 11 between 1,800,544 and 1,803,550.

  2. Click on Show transcript table.

    The transcript is 2,514 base pairs and the length of the encoded protein is 837 amino acids.

    Click on the transcript ID CZT99117 in the transcript table.

    It has four exons.

  3. You can find this information in a number of places: the transcript table, External references on the Gene tab or General identifiers on the Transcript tab.

    The UniProt ID that maps to protein encoded by the PF3D7_1145400 transcript is Q8IHR4.

  4. Click on GO: Biological process in the side menu of the Gene tab.

    The PF3D7_1145400 gene is involved in mitochondrial fission.

Variation

In any of the sequence views shown in the Gene and Transcript tabs, you can view variants on the sequence. You can do this by clicking on Configure this page from any of these views.

Let’s take a look at the Gene sequence view for HBB in human. Search for HBB and go to the Sequence view.

If you can’t see variants marked on this view, click on Configure this page and select Show variants: Yes and show links. You may also wish to add a filter to the variants to allow them to load more quickly, we’ll add Filter variants by evidence status: 1000Genomes.

Find out more about a variant by clicking on it.

You can add variants to all other sequence views in the same way.

You can go to the Variation tab by clicking on the variant ID. For now, we’ll explore more ways of finding variants.

To view all the sequence variants in table form, click the Variant table link at the left of the gene tab.

You can filter the table to only show the variants you’re interested in. For example, click on Consequences: All, then select the variant consequences you’re interested in. For display purposes, the table above has already been filtered to only show missense variants.

You can also filter by the different pathogenicity scores and MAF, or click on Filter other columns for filtering by other columns such as Evidence or Class.

The table contains lots of information about the variants. You can click on the IDs here to go to the Variation tab too.

You can also see the phenotypes associated with a gene. Click on Phenotype in the left hand menu.

Open the transcript table and go to HBB-201 ENST00000335295, then click on Haplotypes in the left hand menu.

The Haplotypes view in the transcript tab shows you the actual protein and CDS sequences in 1000 Genomes individuals. This is possible because the 1000 Genomes study has phased genotypes, so we know which alleles occur on which of the chromosome pairs. The table lists all the versions of the protein that occur along with their frequencies, including the reference sequence and sequences with one or more alternative alleles.

Click on one of the haplotypes, we’ll go for 18K>*,​19del{130}, to find out more about it. Here you will see the frequency in the 1000 Genomes subpopulations, the sequence and the 1000 Genomes individuals where this protein is found.

Let’s have a look at variants in the Location tab. Click on the Location tab in the top bar.

Configure this page and open Variation from the left-hand menu.

There are various options for turning on variants. You can turn on variants by source, by frequency, presence of a phenotype or by individual genome they were isolated from. You can also turn on genotyping chips.

Let’s have a look at a specific variant. If we zoomed in we could see the variant rs334 in this region, however it’s easier to find if we put rs334 into the search box. Click through to open the Variation tab.

The icons show you what information is available for this variant. Click on Genes and regulation, or follow the link on the left.

This page illustrates the genes the variant falls within and the consequences on those genes, including pathogenicity predictors. It also shows data from GTEx on genes that have increased/decreased expression in individuals with this variant, in different tissues. Finally, regulatory features and motifs that the variant falls within are shown.

We can also see the variant in the protein structure by clicking on 3D Protein model.

This is a LiteMol viewer, where you can rotate and zoom in on the structure. The variant location is highlighted, so you can see where it lands within the structure.

Let’s look at population genetics. Click on Population genetics in the left-hand menu.

The population allele frequencies are shown by study, including 1000 Genomes and gnomAD. Where genotype frequencies are available, these are shown in the tables.

There are big differences in allele frequencies between populations. Let’s have a look at the phenotypes associated with this variant to see if they are known to be specific to certain human populations. Click on Phenotype Data in the left-hand menu.

This variant is associated with various phenotypes, including sickle cell and malaria resistance. These phenotype associations come from sources including the GWAS catalog, ClinVar, Orphanet and OMIM. Where available, there are links to the original paper that made the association, the allele that is associated with the phenotype and p-values and other statistics.

Human population genetics and phenotype data

The SNP rs1738074 in the 5’ UTR of the human TAGAP gene has been identified as a genetic risk factor for a few diseases. Use Ensembl to answer the following questions:

  1. In which transcripts is this SNP found?

  2. What is the least frequent genotype for this SNP in the Yoruba (YRI) population from the 1000 Genomes phase 3?

  3. What is the ancestral allele? Is it conserved in the 91 eutherian mammals EPO-Extended?

  4. With which diseases is this SNP associated? Are there any known risk (or associated) alleles?

  1. Please note there is more than one way to get this answer. Either go to the Variation table of the human TAGAP gene, and use the Consequence filter to only include 5’UTR variants, or search Ensembl for rs1738074 directly. Once you’re in the Variant tab, click on Genes and regulation in the menu.

    This SNP is found in four transcripts of TAGAP. It is also intronic to eleven non-coding transcripts of TAGAP-AS1 and one non-coding transcript of ENSG00000226032.

  2. Click on Population genetics in the left-hand panel, or click on Explore this variant in the left-hand panel and click the Population genetics icon.

    In Yoruba (YRI), the least frequent genotype is CC at the frequency of 5.6%.

  3. Click on Phylogenetic context in the left-hand panel.

    The ancestral allele is T and it’s inferred from the alignment in primates.

    Click on Select an alignment which will open a pop-up menu. Open Multiple alignments and select 91 eutherian mammals EPO-Extended. Click on Apply at the bottom of the menu to save your settings.

    A region containing the SNP (highlighted in red and placed in the centre) and its flanking sequence are displayed. The T allele is conserved in all but two of the eutherian mammals displayed.

  4. Click Phenotype data in the left-hand panel.

    This variation is associated with multiple sclerosis, celiac disease and white blood cell count. There are known risk alleles for all three diseases and the corresponding P values are provided. The allele A is associated with celiac disease. Note that the alleles reported by Ensembl are T/C. Ensembl reports alleles on the forward strand. This suggests that A was reported on the reverse strand in the original paper. Similarly, one of the alleles reported for Multiple sclerosis is G.

Exploring VNTR in human

Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) show high variation in the number of repeats in the population and are commonly used in forensics (DNA fingerprinting) and to study genetic diversity. (a) Go to the region from 3074666 to 3075100 bp on human chromosome 4. Which gene does it overlap? Which exon of this gene falls in this region?

(b) Configure this page to turn on Repeats (low), Simple repeats (Repeats (low)) and Tandem repeats (TRF) tracks in this view. Can you see any repeats in this exon? What tools were used to annotate the repeats according to the track information?

(c) Zoom in on the (CAG)n to see its sequence. How many CAG repeats can you see in the human reference assembly? Does this track overlap any phenotype-associated variants? What is the identifier of this variant?

(d) Go to the variant tab of the phenotype-associated variant. What is the consequence ontology of this variant? Does the reference allele match the number of repeats you have just counted? What is the shortest and longest allele?

(a) Select Search: Human and type 4:3074666-3075100 in the text box (or alternatively type human 4:3074666-3075100 in the text box). Click Go.

Click on the golden transcript falling in this region. You can see it’s exon 1 of 67 of the huntingtin gene (HTT).

(b) Click Configure this page in the side menu then select: Repeats (low), Simple repeats (Repeats (low)) and Tandem repeats (TRF).

There are three tandem repeats in this exon, and two simple repeats (low); (CAG)n and (CCG)n. Click on the track names to find more about the tools used for annotation: RepeatMasker and Tandem Repeats Finder.

(c) Draw with your mouse a box around the (CAG)n repeat. Click on Jump to region in the pop-up menu.

There are 19 CAG repeats in the human reference sequence overlapping rs71180116 indicated by a pink bar in the All phenotype-associated - short variants (SNPs and indels) track.

(d) Click on the rs71180116 ID to go to the variant tab. You can see in the summary page that this variant is classified as an inframe insertion. Either click + to show all of the alleles in the summary page or go to the Genes and regulation table. This variant has many alternative alleles which differ in the number of repeats. The first allele in the expanded Alleles section of the summary page or the first allele in the Codons column in the Genes and regulation table is the reference allele. It is composed of 19 CAG repeats just as in the Region in detail view. The shortest allele has 7 repeats, the longest has 55 repeats.

Exploring a SNP in mouse

In the paper “Altered metabolic signature in pre-diabetic NOD mice” (PloS One. 2012; 7(4): e35445), Madsen et al. have described several regulatory and coding SNPs, some of them in genes involved in ATP and adenosine metabolism, leading to potentially faulty metabolism of ATP and adenosine. The authors describe that one of the identified SNPs in the murine Entpd2 gene (rs28232063) would lead to increased amounts of available ATP, an immune activator, causing increased cell activation and possibly autoreactive T-cell activation. Use Ensembl to answer the following questions:

  1. Where is the SNP located (chromosome and coordinates)?

  2. What is the HGVS recommendation nomenclature for this SNP?

  3. Why does Ensembl put the G allele first (G/A)?

  4. Are there differences between the genotypes reported in C57BL/6NJ and NOD/ShiLtJ, according to the Mouse Genomes Project?

  1. From the Ensembl homepage, select Mouse from the Species search drop-down and enter rs28232063 in the search box.

    SNP rs28232063 is located on 2:25288362. In Ensembl, its alleles are provided relative to the forward strand.

  2. Click on Show under HGVS names to reveal information about HGVS nomenclature.

    This SNP has got four HGVS names, one at the genomic DNA level (NC_000068.8:g.25288362G>A), two at the transcript level (ENSMUST00000148859.2:n.444-182G>A and ENSMUST00000028328.3:c.446G>A) and one at the protein level (ENSMUSP00000028328.3:p.Arg149Gln).

  3. In Ensembl, the allele that is present in the reference genome assembly is always put first.

    G is the allele for the reference mouse genome strain C57BL/6J

  4. Click on Sample genotypes is the left-hand panel. The table shows genotypes reported for different mouse strains from the Mouse Genomes Project.

    There are indeed differences between the genotypes reported in those two different strains. The genotype reported in C57BL/6NJ is G/G whereas in NOD/ShiLtJ the genotype is A/A.

Variation data in tomato

  1. Go to Ensembl Plants and find the Solyc02g084570.3 gene in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and go to its Location tab. Can you see the variation track?

  2. Zoom in around the last exon of this gene. What are the different types of variants seen in that region? Are any splice region variants mapped in the region? If so, what is/are the coordinate(s)?

  1. Select Solanum lycopersicum from the Species search drop-down menu and search for Solyc02g084570.3. In the results page, you can click on the coordinates 2:48284598-48288482 to go straight to the Location tab. Scroll down to the Region in detail view. The variation track is shown at the bottom of the view.

    If you don’t see the Variation - All sources track, click Configure this page on the left-hand panel, search for the track in the pop-up menu and enable the track by clicking on the square next to the track name. Close the pop-up window and wait for the track to load.

  2. Zoom in around the last exon of this gene by drawing a box in the respective region (you can change your mouse action by clicking the Drag/Select icons at the top right-hand corner of the view). Note the gene is on the reverse strand (this is signified by the < sign next to the transcript name, and it is located below the Contigs track), so the last exon will be on the left hand side of that image. The variation legend is shown at the bottom of the page, telling you what the colours mean.

    The types of variants seen in that region are 3’ UTR, missense, synonymous and splice region variants.

    Splice region variants are shown in orange. Click on the variants to get additional information on that variant including location. You can zoom into the region if the variant block is too small to click.

    The variants are found at 2:48285642 and 2:48285640-48285641. Note that the two variants overlap: one is a SNP and the other is an indel. SNPs are tagged with ambiguity codes (zoom into the region if you cannot see this). You can find a useful IUPAC ambiguity code guid on the bioinformatics.org website. Single-letter ambiguity codes are given when two or more possible nucleotides may be represented at a single base locus.

Variation data in Fusarium oxysporum

  1. How many species in Ensembl Fungi have variation data?

  2. Select Fusarium oxysporum (FO2) and search for the FOXG_13574T0 gene. One of its upstream variants is SNP tmp_10_6610. What are the possible alleles for this polymorphic position? Which one is on the reference genome?

  3. What is the most frequent allele at this position?

  4. Which samples have the genotypes C|T and T|T?

  1. Go to Ensembl Fungi, click on View full list of all species. You can sort the table by column. Click on the Variation database column to sort the table by species with variation data.

    The table shows that we have 8 fungi species currently with variation databases.

  2. Click on Fusarium oxysporum in the table and on the species page search for FOXG_13574T0. From the Gene tab, click on Variant table in the left-hand panel. You can use the filter at the top right-hand corner of the table tmp_10_6610.

    The alleles are C/T, where C is the reference allele.

  3. Click on tmp_10_6610 in the table to open the Variant tab. Then click on Genotype frequency from the menu on the left-hand side of the page.

    The most frequent allele at this position is C with a frequency of 0.850.

  4. Click on Sample genotypes in the menu on the left.

    The table shows that sample 909454 has the C|T genotype and 909455 has the T|T genotype.